As applied sociologists observe the results of their observations, they continually refine their theories to the point at which they believe that the solutions they propose are sound. They then apply those solutions in a preliminary way in a pilot study. Further testing of hypotheses and further refinement of the theory are then pursued. Eventually, the practitioners are satisfied that the proposed solution is the best possible one within the limitations of the time and resources available. As they complete their work, they "take down the scaffolding." The theories that were employed in the project have been changed, we hope improved, by the experience. Thus, the next project can be approached with a more powerful theoretical framework that has been informed by real-life experience.

This process shows how (1) theory guides application and (2) application improves theory. And this is the sense in which I believe that theory is central to applied sociology.

A famous example: A study published as An American Dilemma was conducted in the Southern states of the US during the World War II era. A team of researchers led by Swedish sociologist and Nobel Prize winner Gunnar Myrdal sought to understand this dilemma: On one hand, Americans believe that all people are created equal -- the American Creed; on the other, some people, especially African American citizens are treated as inferior -- the American reality. Through the course of the study the sociologists employed, developed, and perfected the theory of cumulative and cyclical causation.

This theory indicates that in order for a majority such as relatively advantaged white citizens to treat a minority group such as relatively disadvantaged Black citizens as inferior, they need to believe that they are inferior. If the majority does hold this belief, then they are justified in excluding them from the American Creed. Based on this belief, the majority can both discriminate against the minority and continue to uphold the creed: the "American Dilemma."